Radiologic Technology

The Associate in Applied Science (AAS) in Radiologic Technology is a full-time program providing educational activities preparing its graduates for certification, licensure, and employment as radiographers in the healthcare community. Graduates may also advance in their profession by pursuing continuing education, additional certifications, or a bachelor's and/or master's degree in a related field.

Radiologic technologists are the health care professionals who use medical imaging equipment to perform x-ray examinations in a variety of settings including, but not limited to, hospitals, physician's offices, clinics, medical imaging centers, surgical centers, and mobile imaging agencies. Technologists work in collaboration with other medical professionals to ensure high quality outcomes for the patient experience.

The Radiologic Technology program is an intensive, rigorous course of study with hands-on clinical experiences. Students will perform patient care and are educated in anatomy, physiology, math, physics, patient positioning, examination techniques, equipment protocols, radiation safety, and radiation protection. Students in the program will be exposed to blood-borne pathogens and infectious diseases.

The Radiologic Technology program is accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) and graduates are eligible to apply for admission to the certification exam administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). Visit www.jrcert.org for more information. Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology 20 N. Wacker Drive, Suite 2850 Chicago, IL 60606-3182 Phone: (312) 704-5300 | Fax: (312) 704-5304 | mail@jrcert.org | www.jrcert.org.

Details

Important information you’ll need when applying for admission:

Field of Interest

Health Sciences

Type

Associate Degree

Academic Plan

Radiologic Technology (DEG)

Academic Plan Code

3582

Total Credits Required

84-94.5

Catalog Year

2020-2021

Notes

Students must earn a grade of C or better for all courses required within the program.

Students must complete the following general education courses with a 3.0 GPA prior to formal application to the program.

+ BIO201 Human Anatomy and Physiology I (4) AND
+ BIO202 Human Anatomy and Physiology II (4) 8

COM100 Introduction to Human Communication (3) OR
COM110 Interpersonal Communication (3) OR
COM230 Small Group Communication (3) 3

+ CRE101 College Critical Reading and Critical Thinking (3) OR
Equivalent by Assessment 0-3

+ ENG101 First-Year Composition (3) OR
+ ENG107 First-Year Composition for ESL (3) 3

+ ENG102 First-Year Composition (3) OR
+ ENG108 First-Year Composition for ESL (3) 3

Any approved general education course in the Social-Behavioral Sciences [SB] area. 3
PSY101 Introduction to Psychology (3) required for students transferring to Northern Arizona University to complete the Bachelor of Science in Diagnostic Medical Imaging and Therapy program.

Any approved general education course in the Humanities, Arts, and Design [HU] area. 3
Recommend meeting the Cultural [C] and Global [G] or Historical [H] Awareness Areas and Literacy (if exempt from CRE101) with choice if transferring to Northern Arizona University to complete the Bachelor of Science in Diagnostic Medical Imaging and Therapy program or to complete the AGEC-A transfer requirements for an Arizona public state university.

MAT15+ OR any MAT course where MAT15+ is a prerequisite. 3-6

After acceptance into the program and before the start of required courses in the Fall semester, students must complete the following courses in the Spring:

+ RAD100 Introduction to Radiologic Science and Health Care 3
+ RAD101 Ethics and Law in the Radiologic Sciences 1

Students interested in transferring to the Northern Arizona University Bachelor of Science in Diagnostic Medical Imaging and Therapy program or another Arizona state public university can satisfy the relevant Arizona General Education Curriculum (AGEC-A) and transfer requirements by completing the following courses while waiting in the program queue:

1. An additional course with the Humanities, Arts and Design [HU] general studies designation meeting the Cultural [C] and Global [G] or Historical [H] Awareness Areas and Literacy (if exempt from CRE101) with choice as needed. 3
2. An additional course with the Computer/Statistics/Quantitative Applications general studies designation. 3
3. For the Natural Science requirement, complete BIO156 or BIO181 or another course with the Science Quantitative [SQ] designation. 4

See the AGEC Matrix for current course value details.

What You'll Learn

This pathway map will help you gain the expertise needed to:

Demonstrate accurate radiographic positioning.
Use effective judgement to administer radiation safely.
Demonstrate effective interpersonal communication skills in a dynamic health care environment.
Use writing skills in accordance with the professional conventions within the field.
Evaluate scholarly resources to support evidence-based practice.
Adjust to changes in situations and patient conditions that deviate from the normal routine.
Collaborate effectively with diverse individuals.
Demonstrate self-efficacy to inform their professional practice.

Career Opportunities

Successful completion of this degree may lead to employment in a variety of different occupations and industries. Below are examples of related occupations with associated Arizona-based annual median wages* for this program. Education requirements vary for the occupations listed below, so you may need further education or degrees in order to qualify for some of these jobs and earn the related salaries. Please visit with an academic advisor and/or program director for additional information.

Radiologic Technologists and Technicians

$65,760 Show expanded career information for Radiologic Technologists and Technicians

* Wage information sourced from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Program. Updated May 2019.

Admission Criteria

1. Formal application and admission to the program.
2. Background Check Requirements: Admission to an Allied Health program requires that students be in compliance with the Maricopa County Community College District Background Check standards. Upon conditional program enrollment, the student must comply with all requirements of the MCCCD background check policy.
3. Clinical Health and Safety Requirements must be met. Upon conditional program enrollment, the student must comply with all requirements of the MCCCD clinical health and safety policy.
4. Inability to comply with Background Check Requirements and/or Clinical Health and Safety Requirements at the start of classes may result in cancellation of enrollment.

Prerequisite

Students must complete the general education courses listed in Term 1, 2, and 3 with a 3.0 GPA prior to formal application to the program.

Course Sequence by Term

The following is the suggested course sequence by term. Please keep in mind:

Students should meet with an academic advisor to develop an individual education plan that meets their academic and career goals. Use the Pathway Planner tool in your Student Center to manage your plan.
The course sequence is laid out by suggested term and may be affected when students enter the program at different times of the year.
Initial course placement is determined by current district placement measures and/or completion of 100-200 level course and/or program requirements.
Degree and transfer seeking students may be required to successfully complete a MCCCD First Year Experience Course (FYE) within the first two semesters at a MCCCD College. Courses include AAA/CPD150, AAA/CPD150AC, CPD104, and AAA115/CPD115. Course offerings will vary by college. See an academic, program, or faculty advisor for details.
Consult with your faculty mentor or academic advisor to determine educational requirements, including possible university transfer options, for your chosen career field.

Full-time
Part-time

Full-time Sequence

Full-time status is 12 credits to 18 credits per semester.

Term 1

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 1
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
BIO156 or BIO181	Introductory Biology for Allied Health or General Biology (Majors) I	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in RDG100 or higher or eligibility for CRE101. One year of high school or one-semester of college level chemistry is strongly recommended. or Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in RDG100 or higher or eligibility for CRE101. One year of high school or one semester of college-level biology and chemistry is strongly recommended.	Or one year of high school biology. NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option: must complete an SQ and SG.	SQ	0–4
ENG101 or ENG107	First-Year Composition or First-Year Composition for ESL	Prerequisites: Appropriate writing placement test score, or a grade of C or better in ENG091 or ESL097 or WAC101, or a grade of B or better in ALT100, or (a grade of C in ALT100 AND Corequisites: ENG101LL or ENG107LL OR WAC101 OR ENG100A+). or Prerequisites: Appropriate writing placement test score, or a grade of C or better in ENG091 or ESL097 or WAC101, or a grade of B or better in ALT100, or (a grade of C in ALT100 AND Corequisites: ENG101LL or ENG107LL OR WAC101 OR ENG100A+).	Critical course	FYC	3
AAA/CPD115 or AAA/CPD150 or AAA/CPD150AC or CPD104	Creating College Success or Strategies for College Success or Educational and Career Planning or Career and Personal Development				0–3
COM100 or COM110 or COM230	Introduction to Human Communication or Interpersonal Communication or Small Group Communication			SB	3
SB	Social & Behavioral Sciences		NAU Transfer: PSY101	SB	3

Term 2

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 2
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
BIO201	Human Anatomy and Physiology I	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (BIO156, or BIO156XT, or BIO181, or BIO181XT, or one year of high school biology) and (RDG100, or RDG100LL, or higher, or eligibility for CRE101). CHM130 or higher or one year of high school chemistry suggested but not required.	Critical course	SG	4
CRE101	College Critical Reading and Critical Thinking	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (ENG101 or ENG107) and (RDG095 or RDG100 or RDG111 or RDG112 or RDG113 or an appropriate district placement or permission of Instructor).		L	0–3
MAT12+	Intermediate Algebra	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in each of the following courses: (MAT055, MAT056, and MAT057), OR a grade of C or better in MAT09+, OR an appropriate district placement.	Critical course Or any MAT course where MAT 12+ is a prerequisite. NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option: MAT 15+ or any MAT course where MAT12+ is a prerequisite.		3–6
ENG102 or ENG108	First-Year Composition or First-Year Composition for ESL	Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in ENG101. or Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in ENG107.		FYC	3

Term 3

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 3
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
BIO202	Human Anatomy and Physiology II	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in BIO201 or BIO201XT.	Critical course	SG	4
HU	Humanities, Fine Arts & Design		Recommend meeting the Cultural [C] and Global [G] or Historical [H] Awareness Areas and Literacy (if exempt from CRE101) with choice if transferring to NAU or AGEC-A.	HU	3
SB	Social & Behavioral Sciences		NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option: May double-dip with COM choice.	SB	0–3
HU	Humanities, Fine Arts & Design		An additional course with the Humanities, Arts and Design [HU] general studies designation meeting the Cultural [C] and Global [G] or Historical [H] Awareness Areas and Literacy (if exempt from CRE101) with choice as needed.	HU	0–3
CS	Computer/Statistics/Quantitative Application		NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option.	CS	0–3
After acceptance into the program and before the start of required courses in the Fall semester, students must complete the following courses in the Spring:

Spring Semester (Term 4)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Spring Semester (Term 4)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD100	Introduction to Radiologic Science and Health Care	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	Gateway course	3
RAD101	Ethics and Law in the Radiologic Sciences	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		1
HCC/RES109	CPR for Health Care Provider		Students must maintain a current CPR Certification throughout the program. Specific requirements for this certification will be shared as part of the program orientation.	0–0.5

Fall Semester (Term 5)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Fall Semester (Term 5)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD102	Structured Diagnostic Medical Imaging Skills Enhancement I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		1
RAD103	Radiation Protection in Radiologic Technology	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2
RAD107	Radiographic Procedures I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	Critical course	3
RAD106	Patient Care in Radiologic Sciences I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2.5
RAD104	Imaging Equipment	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2
RAD105	Radiation Production and Principles of Exposure	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2.5

Spring Semester (Term 6)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Spring Semester (Term 6)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD114	Digital Image Acquisition and Display I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2
RAD117	Radiographic Procedures II	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		3
RAD116	Patient Care in Radiologic Sciences II	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2.5
RAD109	Radiography Practicum I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	Critical course	3.5
RAD112	Structured Diagnostic Medical Imaging Skills Enhancement II	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		1

Summer Semester (Term 7)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Summer Semester (Term 7)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
RAD119	Radiography Practicum II		Critical course		6

Fall Semester (Term 8)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Fall Semester (Term 8)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Credits
RAD206	Pharmacology and Venipuncture	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	1
RAD207	Radiographic Procedures III		3
RAD209	Radiography Practicum III		5
RAD203	Radiation Biology		2
RAD208	Image Analysis I		1

Spring Semester (Term 9)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Spring Semester (Term 9)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD218	Image Analysis II			1
RAD214	Digital Image Acquisition and Display II			2
RAD217	Radiographic Pathology and Additional Modalities			2
RAD219	Radiography Practicum IV			5
RAD212	Structured Diagnostic Medical Imaging Skills Enhancement III			1
ICE/DMI/DMS220	Sectional Anatomy	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (BIO160 or BIO201) and (HCC145 or HCC146), or a graduate of a related medical program of study or currently registered as a technologist in radiography, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy or sonography.	Optional course. Speak to the Program Director for more information.	0–3
DMI/ICE223 or ICE233	Introduction to Computed Tomography or Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (BIO160 or BIO201) and (HCC145 or HCC146), or a graduate of a related medical program of study or currently registered as a technologist in radiography, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy or sonography. or Prerequisites: ARRT in Radiography/RT or ARRT/NMTCB in Nuclear Medicine or ARDMS/ARRT in DMS or (Radiography/Radiation Therapist/Nuclear Medicine/Sonography student) or registry eligible graduate. Corequisites: DMI/DMS/ICE220 or permission of Dept/Div.	Optional course. Speak to the Program Director for more information.	0–1

Part-time Sequence

Part-time status is 11 credit hours or less.

Term 1

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 1
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
AAA/CPD115 or AAA/CPD150 or AAA/CPD150AC or CPD104	Creating College Success or Strategies for College Success or Educational and Career Planning or Career and Personal Development				0–3
ENG101 or ENG107	First-Year Composition or First-Year Composition for ESL	Prerequisites: Appropriate writing placement test score, or a grade of C or better in ENG091 or ESL097 or WAC101, or a grade of B or better in ALT100, or (a grade of C in ALT100 AND Corequisites: ENG101LL or ENG107LL OR WAC101 OR ENG100A+). or Prerequisites: Appropriate writing placement test score, or a grade of C or better in ENG091 or ESL097 or WAC101, or a grade of B or better in ALT100, or (a grade of C in ALT100 AND Corequisites: ENG101LL or ENG107LL OR WAC101 OR ENG100A+).	Critical course	FYC	3

Term 2

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 2
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
BIO156 or BIO181	Introductory Biology for Allied Health or General Biology (Majors) I	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in RDG100 or higher or eligibility for CRE101. One year of high school or one-semester of college level chemistry is strongly recommended. or Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in RDG100 or higher or eligibility for CRE101. One year of high school or one semester of college-level biology and chemistry is strongly recommended.	Or one year of high school biology. NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option: must complete an SQ and SG.	SQ	0–4
COM100 or COM110 or COM230	Introduction to Human Communication or Interpersonal Communication or Small Group Communication			SB	3
CRE101	College Critical Reading and Critical Thinking	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (ENG101 or ENG107) and (RDG095 or RDG100 or RDG111 or RDG112 or RDG113 or an appropriate district placement or permission of Instructor).		L	0–3

Term 3

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 3
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
BIO201	Human Anatomy and Physiology I	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (BIO156, or BIO156XT, or BIO181, or BIO181XT, or one year of high school biology) and (RDG100, or RDG100LL, or higher, or eligibility for CRE101). CHM130 or higher or one year of high school chemistry suggested but not required.	Critical course	SG	4
ENG102 or ENG108	First-Year Composition or First-Year Composition for ESL	Prerequisites: Grade of C or better in ENG101. or Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in ENG107.		FYC	3

Term 4

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 4
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
MAT12+	Intermediate Algebra	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in each of the following courses: (MAT055, MAT056, and MAT057), OR a grade of C or better in MAT09+, OR an appropriate district placement.	Critical course Or any MAT course where MAT 12+ is a prerequisite. NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option: MAT 15+ or any MAT course where MAT12+ is a prerequisite.		3–6
SB	Social & Behavioral Sciences		NAU Transfer: PSY101	SB	3

Term 5

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 5
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
BIO202	Human Anatomy and Physiology II	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in BIO201 or BIO201XT.	Critical course	SG	4
HU	Humanities, Fine Arts & Design		Recommend meeting the Cultural [C] and Global [G] or Historical [H] Awareness Areas and Literacy (if exempt from CRE101) with choice if transferring to NAU or AGEC-A.	HU	3

Term 6

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 6
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
SB	Social & Behavioral Sciences		NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option: May double-dip with COM choice.	SB	0–3
HU	Humanities, Fine Arts & Design		An additional course with the Humanities, Arts and Design [HU] general studies designation meeting the Cultural [C] and Global [G] or Historical [H] Awareness Areas and Literacy (if exempt from CRE101) with choice as needed.	HU	0–3

Term 7

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Term 7
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
CS	Computer/Statistics/Quantitative Application		NAU Transfer and AGEC-A option.	CS	0–3
After acceptance into the program and before the start of required courses in the Fall semester, students must complete the following courses in the Spring:

Spring Semester (Term 8)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Spring Semester (Term 8)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD100	Introduction to Radiologic Science and Health Care	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	Gateway course	3
RAD101	Ethics and Law in the Radiologic Sciences	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		1
HCC/RES109	CPR for Health Care Provider		Students must maintain a current CPR Certification throughout the program. Specific requirements for this certification will be shared as part of the program orientation.	0–0.5

Fall Semester (Term 9)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Fall Semester (Term 9)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD102	Structured Diagnostic Medical Imaging Skills Enhancement I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		1
RAD103	Radiation Protection in Radiologic Technology	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2
RAD107	Radiographic Procedures I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	Critical course	3
RAD106	Patient Care in Radiologic Sciences I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2.5
RAD104	Imaging Equipment	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2
RAD105	Radiation Production and Principles of Exposure	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2.5

Spring Semester (Term 10)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Spring Semester (Term 10)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD114	Digital Image Acquisition and Display I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2
RAD117	Radiographic Procedures II	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		3
RAD116	Patient Care in Radiologic Sciences II	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		2.5
RAD109	Radiography Practicum I	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	Critical course	3.5
RAD112	Structured Diagnostic Medical Imaging Skills Enhancement II	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.		1

Summer Semester (Term 11)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Summer Semester (Term 11)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Area	Credits
RAD119	Radiography Practicum II		Critical course		6

Fall Semester (Term 12)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Fall Semester (Term 12)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Credits
RAD206	Pharmacology and Venipuncture	Prerequisites: Admission to the Medical Radiography Program.	1
RAD207	Radiographic Procedures III		3
RAD209	Radiography Practicum III		5
RAD203	Radiation Biology		2
RAD208	Image Analysis I		1

Spring Semester (Term 13)

A sequence of suggested courses that should be taken during Spring Semester (Term 13)
Course Number	Course Name	Requisites	Notes	Credits
RAD218	Image Analysis II			1
RAD214	Digital Image Acquisition and Display II			2
RAD217	Radiographic Pathology and Additional Modalities			2
RAD219	Radiography Practicum IV			5
RAD212	Structured Diagnostic Medical Imaging Skills Enhancement III			1
ICE/DMI/DMS220	Sectional Anatomy	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (BIO160 or BIO201) and (HCC145 or HCC146), or a graduate of a related medical program of study or currently registered as a technologist in radiography, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy or sonography.	Optional course. Speak to the Program Director for more information.	0–3
DMI/ICE223 or ICE233	Introduction to Computed Tomography or Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in (BIO160 or BIO201) and (HCC145 or HCC146), or a graduate of a related medical program of study or currently registered as a technologist in radiography, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy or sonography. or Prerequisites: ARRT in Radiography/RT or ARRT/NMTCB in Nuclear Medicine or ARDMS/ARRT in DMS or (Radiography/Radiation Therapist/Nuclear Medicine/Sonography student) or registry eligible graduate. Corequisites: DMI/DMS/ICE220 or permission of Dept/Div.	Optional course. Speak to the Program Director for more information.	0–1

Course Area Key

Gateway Course = Generally the first major-specific course in a pathway.

Critical Course = A course that is highly predictive of future success in a pathway.

CS = Computer/Statistics/Quantitative Application
FYC = First Year Composition
HU = Humanities, Fine Arts, and Design
L = Literacy & Critical Inquiry

SB = Social-Behavioral Sciences
SG = Natural Sciences General
SQ = Natural Sciences Quantitative

Disclaimer

Students must earn a grade of C or better for all courses required within the program.

Course Sequence total credits may differ from the program information located on the MCCCD curriculum website due to program and system design.

View MCCCD’s curriculum website for the Associate in Applied Science in Radiologic Technology (http://aztransmac2.asu.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/MCCCD.woa/wa/freeForm3?id=160398).

At Maricopa, we strive to provide you with accurate and current information about our degree and certificate offerings. Due to the dynamic nature of the curriculum process, course and program information is subject to change. As a result, the course list associated with this degree or certificate on this site does not represent a contract, nor does it guarantee course availability. If you are interested in pursuing this degree or certificate, we encourage you to meet with an advisor to discuss the requirements at your college for the appropriate catalog year.